ABSTRACT Introduction: Candida parapsilosis is one of the main species that is able to adhere to forming biofilms on inert materials. Adhesion is the first step towards the colonization and invasion of host cells during the infectious process. Among the infections, vulvovaginal candidiasis is increasingly common. The objective was to evaluate the profile of adherence and biofilm formation of eight isolates of C. parapsilosis on the metal used in intrauterine devices (IUDs). Methods: Eight strains of C. parapsilosis presenting strong adhesion and biofilm formation properties were isolated from vaginal secretions in a previous study. To assay the adhesion and biofilm formation, copper fragments were made and cultivated in tubes containing 3 mL of phosphate-buffered saline and incubated for 6 and 24 h at 37 °C to evaluate biofilm formation. After incubation, the intensity of adherence and of biofilm formation on copper fragments were determined by performing a colony count. Results: All isolates were able to form biofilms and the isolate Cp62 showed many cells joined in a planktonic mode forming biofilms. The use of an IUD is one of the main factors that favors vulvovaginal candidiasis, and the presence of copper in this device increases the chance of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVVR) due to the ease with which species of the genus Candida can adhere to inert surfaces. Conclusion: This research showed that the clinical isolates studied adhered to IUD copper fragments and formed biofilms, further increasing their virulence.

RESUMO Introdução: As mulheres no climatério estão suscetíveis a uma série de mudanças, entre elas a osteoporose. A osteoporose é uma doença caracterizada por uma baixa massa óssea e susceptibilidade à fratura. Atualmente, essa doença é um problema de saúde pública e é necessário reconhecer seus fatores de risco. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores de risco relacionados com a osteoporose em mulheres atendidas pelo Programa de Práticas de Integralidade em Saúde (Propis)/Proex/UFMA, traçar uma caracterização sociodemográfica e considerar o estilo de vida da comunidade. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo clínico com uma abordagem quantitativa, feito entre março e junho de 2013, em São Luís (MA), com 107 mulheres atendidas pelo Programa de Práticas de Integralidade em Saúde (Propis). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital Universitário da UFMA, sob parecer nº 362/07. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados com o software epidemiológico Epi-Info®, versão 3.4.1. Resultados: A etnia parda foi predominante, a união estável mostrou ser um fator protetor e a baixa escolaridade foi um fator de risco. A idade média do grupo com menopausa foi de 54,1 anos e a do sem menopausa de 31,3 anos (p < 0,0001). A idade média da menopausa foi de 43,7 anos. O ciclo menstrual irregular foi um fator protetor. O número médio de gestações foi de 4,56 para o grupo com menopausa e 2,45 para o grupo sem menopausa, com a maior parte dos partos normal (p < 0,0001). O tabagismo, a inatividade física e o consumo de cafeína foram fatores de risco, enquanto a ausência de alcoolismo e de ingestão de refrigerante foram fatores de proteção para a doença. Conclusão: Os pacientes seguiram o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico do Maranhão. A maior parte teve a menarca e a menopausa em períodos apropriados, não apresentava antecedentes familiares de osteoporose, não costumava ingerir bebida alcoólica, era sedentária e consumia uma elevada quantidade de cafeína.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Climacteric women are susceptible to a number of changes, among them osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and susceptibility to fracture. Currently, this disease is a public health issue, being necessary to recognize its risk factors. Objectives: Identify risk factors related to osteoporosis in women attending Propis/Proex/UFMA, tracing a socio-demographic characterization and considering community lifestyles. Material and methods: This is a transversal retrospective clinical with a quantitative approach study conducted between March and June 2013 in São Luís (MA) with 107 women treated at the Programa de Práticas de Integralidade em Saúde (Propis - Integrality Health Practice Program). The study was approved by the University Hospital Ethics Committee of UFMA under opinion no. 362/07. Data were tabulated and analyzed in the epidemiological Epi-Info® software, version 3.4.1. Results: The brown color was predominant, consensual relationships proved to be a protective factor and low education was a risk factor. The average age of the group with menopause was 54.1 years and without menopause was 31.3 years (p < 0.0001). The average age of menopause was 43.7 years. The irregular menstrual cycle was a protective factor. The average number of pregnancies was 4.56 for the group with menopause and 2.45 for the group without menopause, with most births occurring normally (p < 0.0001). Smoking, physical inactivity and caffeine intake were risk factors, while the absence of alcoholism and of soda intake were protective factors for the disease. Conclusion: The patients followed the socioeconomic and demographic profile of Maranhão. Most had menarche and menopause in appropriate periods, showed no positive family history of osteoporosis, did not usually drink alcohol, were sedentary and the caffeine intake was high.

Introduction: This study aimed to identify airborne fungi in São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil, to determine the prevalent genera and to correlate these genera with the area and season. Methods: In total, 1,510 colony-forming units (CFUs) of airborne fungi were isolated from the north, south, east and west sides and from the center of the city from January to December 2007. The samples were collected on Petri dishes that were exposed to the fungi by the gravitational method. Results: Twenty genera of fungi were isolated; the most common were Aspergillus (33.5%), Penicillium (18.8%), Cladosporium (14.2%), Curvularia (10.6%) and Fusarium (7.6%). The CFUs of the fungi were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Fungal biological diversity was present all year, without any large seasonal variations but with slight increases in May, August and September. Conclusions: The fungal genera identified in this study were correlated with natural systems and could be useful when evaluating the impact of environmental changes on the region.

Introduction: There are more than 300,000 extractors using the babaçu coconut as a source of income in the States of Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins and Piauí, and this activity is associated with fungal infections. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of emergent fungi in the conjunctiva, nails and surface and subcutaneous injuries of female coconut breakers in Esperantinópolis, Maranhão. Additionally, soil samples and palm structures were collected. Methods: The obtained samples were cultured in Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar and chloramphenicol. The etiological agent was confirmed by a direct mycological exam and growth in culture. Results: In total, 150 domiciles were visited, and samples were collected from 80 patients. From the ground, the most frequently isolated fungus was Aspergillus niger (53. 8%). the most frequently detected fungus in babaçu coconut was Aspergillus niger (66.7%). Conjunctival fungal growth occurred in 76.3% of the women. The ocular fungal microbiota consisted of filamentous fungi (80.6%), and yeasts were present in 19.4% of cases. Onychomycosis was diagnosed in 44% (11/25) of the women. Conclusions: The identification of the genera Neosartorya, Rhizopus and Curvularia in onychomycoses shows that emergent filamentous fungi can be isolated. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Scedosporium sp. were the predominant genera found in the babaçu coconut. From ocular conjunctiva, Candida spp. were the most prevalent species isolated, and Fusarium sp. was present only in one woman. The nearly permanent exposure of coconut breakers to the external environment and to the soil is most likely the reason for the existence of a mycotic flora and fungal infections, varying according to the individual's practices and occupation.

Introduction In this paper, we report the ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Caxias City, located in the eastern part of State of Maranhão, Brazil and highlight its seasonal and geographical distribution by environment. In addition, we discuss natural Leishmania infection and its relationship with visceral leishmaniasis. Methods Between September 2007 and August 2009, the collection of sandflies was performed using Center for Disease Control (CDC) light traps from 15 houses in 5 selected neighborhoods. Results Lutzomyia longipalpis was present in all zones of the city. We also found that Lu. longipalpis was regularly detected both inside and around the house, predominantly in outdoor areas. In urban areas, Lu. longipalpis was present in both the dry and rainy seasons, with a higher density present in the latter. One female specimen of Lu. longipalpis was observed to have natural Leishmania infection. Conclusions The presence of Lu. longipalpis was observed throughout the year during 2 seasonal periods, with a predominance in the rainy season. A low rate of natural Leishmania infection was observed in urban areas during the rainy season.

Estudo comparativo de anticorpos IgG e IgE antileishmania como marcadores de infecção e doença em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral na ilha de São Luis, MA no período de maio de 1999 a maio de 2000. A casuística foi composta de 1.016 menores de 16 anos. Destes, foram randomizados 85 para dosagem de IgE antileishmania pelo ELISA. A prevalência de soropositividade por IgG foi de 17,1% (174 menores) e 0,4% da população evoluiu para leishmaniose visceral doença. A positividade para IgE antileishmania, foi de 43,5% dos 85 indivíduos estudados. Dos 7 casos de calazar no passado analisados, observou-se que todos apresentavam positividade para IgG e 4 (57,14%) permaneciam positivos para IgE, mesmo 7 anos após a cura. Os 3 menores com leishmaniose visceral doença, apresentaram positividade para IgG e IgE antileishmania. A detecção de IgE antileishmania demonstrou ser marcador de infecção para Leishmania chagasi em área endêmica, não sendo entretanto, marcador de doença.

Comparative study regarding IgG and IgE anti-leishmania as markers of infection and illness among residents of a visceral leishmaniasis visceral leishmaniasis endemic area, São Luis, MA in the period from May 1999 to May 2000. All the 1,016 individuals younger than 16 years old were tested for the presence of IgG by ELISA. A total of 174 (17,1%) children revealed a positive IgG test and 4 children showed symptoms of classical visceral leishmaniasis during the time of the survey: 85 IgE anti-leishmania ELISA tests with positivity of 43,5% were realized. In this sample, all 7 children with past-visceral leishmaniasis in the sample were IgG positive and 4 (57,1%) were IgE positive, even after a 7 year post treatment period. Three children with current visceral leishmaniasis were evaluated, and all of them were positive for both tests. The detection of antileishman IgE antibodies presented as a good marker for infection by Leishmania chagasi in endemic areas but not as a disease marker.

Realizou-se estudo prospectivo com 1.520 indivíduos menores de 15 anos no Município de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brasil, de junho de 1994 a janeiro de 1995, com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e as características (fatores sócio-econômicos, ambientais e hábitos de vida) associadas à infecção por Leishmania chagasi. Realizou-se Intradermorreação de Montenegro (IDRM) e sorologia por Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA-rK39 e CRUDE). Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste chi2 com correção de Yates, sendo considerado significante um valor de p < 0,05. A prevalência de infecção foi de 61,7% pela IDRM, 19,4% pelo ELISA-rK39 e 19,7% pelo ELISA-CRUDE. Foi observada associação entre leishmaniose na família (p = 0,001), tipo de abastecimento de água (p = 0,000) e aplicação de inseticida (p = 0,000) com a infecção por L. chagasi pela IDRM. Nenhuma associação com infecção por L. chagasi foi observada utilizando-se a sorologia ELISA-rK39 ou CRUDE. Medidas de controle mais efetivas são necessárias para reduzir a prevalência da doença e detectar casos assintomáticos dentre o elevado porcentual de infectados nessa localidade.

A prospective study was undertaken in 1,520 children less than 15 years of age in São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brazil, from June 1994 to January 1995, to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics (socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral) associated with infection by Leishmania chagasi. Montenegro skin test (MST) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-rK39 and CRUDE) test were used to detect infection. The statistical analysis used the chi2 test with Yates correction and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Prevalence of infection was 61.7% as measured by MST, 19.4% according to ELISA (rK39), and 19.7% by ELISA (CRUDE). Association was detected between leishmaniasis in the family, water supply, application of insecticide, and infection by L. chagasi using MST. No association with infection by L. chagasi was detected using ELISA rK39 or CRUDE. More effective control measures are needed to reduce prevalence and to detect asymptomatic cases in this high percentage of infected children.

Realizou-se estudo prospectivo com 1.520 indivíduos menores de 15 anos no Município de São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brasil, de junho de 1994 a janeiro de 1995, com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e as características (fatores sócio-econômicos, ambientais e hábitos de vida) associadas à infecção por Leishmania chagasi. Realizou-se Intradermorreação de Montenegro (IDRM) e sorologia por Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA-rK39 e CRUDE). Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste chi2 com correção de Yates, sendo considerado significante um valor de p < 0,05. A prevalência de infecção foi de 61,7% pela IDRM, 19,4% pelo ELISA-rK39 e 19,7% pelo ELISA-CRUDE. Foi observada associação entre leishmaniose na família (p = 0,001), tipo de abastecimento de água (p = 0,000) e aplicação de inseticida (p = 0,000) com a infecção por L. chagasi pela IDRM. Nenhuma associação com infecção por L. chagasi foi observada utilizando-se a sorologia ELISA-rK39 ou CRUDE. Medidas de controle mais efetivas são necessárias para reduzir a prevalência da doença e detectar casos assintomáticos dentre o elevado porcentual de infectados nessa localidade.

A prospective study was undertaken in 1,520 children less than 15 years of age in São José de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brazil, from June 1994 to January 1995, to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics (socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral) associated with infection by Leishmania chagasi. Montenegro skin test (MST) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-rK39 and CRUDE) test were used to detect infection. The statistical analysis used the chi2 test with Yates correction and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Prevalence of infection was 61.7% as measured by MST, 19.4% according to ELISA (rK39), and 19.7% by ELISA (CRUDE). Association was detected between leishmaniasis in the family, water supply, application of insecticide, and infection by L. chagasi using MST. No association with infection by L. chagasi was detected using ELISA rK39 or CRUDE. More effective control measures are needed to reduce prevalence and to detect asymptomatic cases in this high percentage of infected children.